Is the DAFT Visa Right for Me and My Family?
The Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) visa is the most popular route for self-employed Americans moving to the Netherlands — and for good reason. It’s accessible, relatively straightforward, and doesn’t require a Dutch employer. But when you’re moving as a family, the picture gets more nuanced. Here’s everything you need to know about whether DAFT works for your situation, including what it means for your spouse or partner.
DAFT Requirements at a Glance
Requirement
Detail
Nationality: U.S. citizen only
Minimum capital €4,500 in personal funds
Business registration KvK (Dutch Chamber of Commerce)
Business plan required — must demonstrate viable self-employment
Application via: IND (Dutch Immigration & Naturalisation Service)
Initial permit duration 2 years, renewable
Path to permanent residency after 5 years of legal residence
What the DAFT Visa Holder Can — and Cannot — Do
As the primary DAFT visa holder, your work rights are tied directly to your registered business:
• You can: Operate as a sole proprietor (ZZP’er), take on clients, invoice for services, and run your business freely within the Netherlands and internationally.
• You can: Work across most industries — consulting, design, technology, coaching, writing, academia, and more.
• You cannot: Take salaried employment with a Dutch employer under the DAFT visa alone. If you want to switch to employment, you’ll need a different permit.
• You must: Maintain an active, genuine business. If your KvK registration becomes dormant or your business ceases to operate, your permit is at risk at renewal.
What About Your Spouse or Partner?
This is the question most families ask first — and the answer is more favorable than many expect. A spouse or registered partner accompanying a DAFT visa holder to the Netherlands qualifies for a dependent residence permit (MVV/residence permit for family reunification). Crucially, this finalized dependent permit typically includes unrestricted work authorization in the Netherlands. Your spouse can take salaried employment, freelance, start their own business, or choose not to work at all — without needing a separate work permit. However the process is nuanced. The residence endorsement sticker — issued within one to two weeks of arrival — immediately grants the spouse the right to work self-employed in the Netherlands, but the right to take regular salaried employment is only granted at the final verdict of the DAFT application, which typically takes one to two months. This is important to note if plans are for the spouse to obtain immediate Dutch employment.
Important Caveats for Families
• Unmarried partners: Long-term unmarried partners may qualify, but the IND requires evidence of a genuine, lasting relationship (typically at least one year together). Documentation requirements are more extensive than for married couples.
• Children: Dependent children under 18 can join on a family reunification permit and have full access to Dutch state schools and international schools.
• Non-American spouses: If your spouse is not a U.S. citizen, they follow the standard Dutch family reunification rules rather than any DAFT-specific pathway. The process is the same but worth confirming with an immigration specialist.
• Renewal depends on the primary holder: The spouse’s permit is tied to yours. If your DAFT permit is not renewed, the family permits are affected too — keeping your business active is therefore a family responsibility, not just a personal one.
Is DAFT the Right Route for Your Family?
For most self-employed Americans moving as a couple or family, the DAFT visa is an excellent fit — flexible, relatively accessible, and offering strong work rights for both partners. The main risks are underestimating the business plan requirements and failing to maintain an active business at renewal. These are manageable with the right guidance.
Useful information
Current 2026 DAFT Fees: Applicant €423, Spouse €254, each Child €85
Family members receive Dutch residence permits and are free to work in any capacity in the Netherlands, including regular employment — giving them even broader work rights than the main DAFT applicant, who must remain self-employed.
Adult children (18+) of the main DAFT applicant cannot join under the family permit and need to apply for a separate visa; the same applies to parents of the applicant.
Since late February 2026, the IND has been sending compliance letters to some existing DAFT permit holders requesting extensive documentation proving they have been meeting their visa conditions.
Key documentation being requested to verify compliance includes:Evidence of Investment: Proof that the required €4,500 capital was deposited into a Dutch business bank account within six months of initial approval.
Active Business Operation: Proof that the business is active (e.g., contracts, invoices, client correspondence) rather than just a shell company.
Chamber of Commerce Registration: Valid KvK registration.
Personal Income Requirement: Evidence of sufficient personal income, with minimum income levels of approximately €1,735 per month (as of 2026) being expected, particularly for renewals.
Bookkeeping & Financials: Proper, current bookkeeping and, in some cases, an opening balance sheet.
Address Registration: Proof of address registration with the local municipality (BRP)
Useful Links
IND (Dutch Immigration & Naturalisation Service)
Dutch-American Friendship Treaty
KvK (Dutch Chamber of Commerce)
Applying for a Residency Permit
Belastingdienst (Dutch Tax Authority)
Ready to Find Out if DAFT Works for Your Situation?
Every family’s situation is different — business type, partner nationality, children’s ages, and timeline all affect which visa route makes most sense. At Dutch Landing, Erik has guided numerous American families through the DAFT process and can help you assess your eligibility, prepare a compelling business plan, and navigate the IND application with confidence. Book a free 30-minute discovery call at dutchlanding.nl.
Legal Notice
The information in this article is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Dutch Landing is not a law firm and Erik is not a qualified legal professional. Nothing in this article should be relied upon as a substitute for independent legal advice tailored to your personal circumstances.
Immigration, nationality, and citizenship law — in both the Netherlands and the United States — is complex, subject to change, and highly dependent on individual situations. We have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information presented here at the time of publication, but we cannot guarantee its completeness or ongoing accuracy.
Before making any decisions regarding Dutch citizenship, renunciation of US nationality, or related matters, we strongly recommend consulting a qualified immigration lawyer or dual-nationality specialist registered in the Netherlands. For official and up-to-date requirements, please refer directly to the IND (Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst) and the US State Department
